Kufelt O, El-Tamer A, Sehring C et al (2015) Water-soluble photopolymerizable chitosan hydrogels for biofabrication via two-photon polymerization. Kufelt O, El-Tamer A, Sehring C et al (2014) Hyaluronic acid based materials for scaffolding via two photon polymerization. Koroleva A, Deiwick A, Nguyen A et al (2015) Osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in 3-D Zr-Si organic-inorganic scaffolds produced by two-photon polymerization technique. Koroleva A, Gill AA, Ortega I et al (2012) Two-photon polymerization-generated and micromolding-replicated 3D scaffolds for peripheral neural tissue engineering applications. Käpylä E, Aydogan DB, Virjula S et al (2012) Direct laser writing and geometrical analysis of scaffolds with designed pore architecture for three-dimensional cell culturing. Hu Y, Chen Y, Ma J et al (2013) High-efficiency fabrication of aspheric microlens arrays by holographic femtosecond laser-induced photopolymerization. Hinze U, El-Tamer A, Doskolovich LL et al (2016) Additive manufacturing of a trifocal diffractive refractive lens. He Z, Lee YH, Chanda D et al (2018) Adaptive liquid crystal microlens array enabled by two-photon polymerization. Gissibl T, Thiele S, Herkommer A et al (2016c) Two-photon direct laser writing of ultracompact multi-lens objectives. Gissibl T, Thiele S, Herkommer A et al (2016b) Sub-micrometre accurate free-form optics by three-dimensional printing on single-mode fibres. Gissibl T, Schmid M, Giessen H (2016a) Spatial beam intensity shaping using phase masks on single-mode optical fibers fabricated by femtosecond direct laser writing. įerreras Paz V, Emons M, Obata K et al (2012) Development of functional sub-100 nm structures with 3D two-photon polymerization technique and optical methods for characterization. Nat Photonics 3:450įelfel RM, Poocza L, Gimeno-Fabra M et al (2016) In vitro degradation and mechanical properties of PLAPCL copolymer unit cell scaffolds generated by two-photon polymerization. Springer, Berlin, pp 317–332įarsari M, Chichkov BN (2009) Two-photon fabrication. In: Lachmayer R, Lippert RB (eds) Additive Manufacturing Quantifiziert. Įl-Tamer A, Hinze U, Chichkov BN (2017) 3D Mikro- und Nano-Strukturierung mittels Zwei-Photonen-Polymerisation. Opt Lett 38:4935–4938ĭoraiswamy A, Ovsianikov A, Gittard SD et al (2010) Fabrication of microneedles using two photon polymerization for transdermal delivery of nanomaterials. īianchi S, Rajamanickam VP, Ferrara L (2013) Focusing and imaging with increased numerical apertures through multimode fibers with micro-fabricated optics. Īmato L, Gu Y, Bellini N et al (2012) Integrated three-dimensional filter separates nanoscale from microscale elements in a microfluidic chip. In the last part of the chapter, we also present interesting biomedical applications, with a particular focus on the production of scaffolds for tissue engineering (TE) and rapid prototyping of medically relevant structures, such as microstructures for transdermal drug delivery or patient-specific implants and prostheses.Īccardo A, Blatché M-C, Courson R et al (2018) Two-photon lithography and microscopy of 3D hydrogel scaffolds for neuronal cell growth. In the field of microfluidics, we show how 2PP can be used for the development of novel lab-on-a-chip (LOC) systems, including various examples of integrated microfluidic components such as mixers, filters and flow meters, as well as complex optofluidic components such as sensitive refractometers. In addition, we describe the fabrication of waveguides and waveguide connections that enable the development of complex photonic circuits in research. In optics, we present examples of various micro- and nano-optical components, including refractive free-form surfaces, diffractive elements, hybrid diffractive-refractive elements, and multicomponent optical systems. In this chapter we would like to cover the three largest areas of application of 2PP, namely, optics, microfluidics, and biomedicine, and present interesting results that should give the reader a deep insight. These properties open up new possibilities for the development of novel and miniaturized components for different applications, so that today 2PP is successfully used in various areas of research. Among the additive manufacturing processes, two-photon polymerization (2PP) is one of the most flexible and high-resolution processes of our time, as it enables the production of arbitrary three-dimensional structures on the basis of computer-aided design (CAD) models with a resolution of less than 100 nm.
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